The lost tomb of Thutmose II

The lost tomb of Thutmose II

The finding of the lost tomb of Thutmose II is a significant event in the field of archaeology. Here are some key points about this remarkable find and relation to wider Egyptian culture of the period.

Historical Context: Thutmose II was a pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty, a period known for its wealth, power, and monumental architecture. Although he is lesser-known compared to his successors like Hatshepsut and Tutankhamun, his reign was crucial in establishing the foundations of the New Kingdom.

Artifacts Found

• Bust of the King: A beautifully crafted bust that showcases the artistry of the time.
• Childhood Toys: These provide a glimpse into the early life of the pharaoh, reflecting the culture and customs of ancient Egypt.
• Painted Chest: An intricately designed chest that likely held personal belongings or offerings.
• Embroidered Gloves: These delicate items highlight the craftsmanship and textile skills of the era.
• Chariot: A ceremonial chariot, which signifies the importance of mobility and warfare in the pharaoh’s life.
• Ceremonial Items: Various objects used in rituals, emphasizing the religious practices of the time.

Structure of the Tomb

The tomb itself exhibits a simple architectural design typical of the period following Thutmose II’s reign. Here are some key features:

• Rock-Cut Design: The tomb is carved directly into the rock, a common practice for royal burials.
• Corridors and Chambers: It comprises two corridors and four roughly rectangular chambers of varying sizes.
• Burial Chamber: The main burial chamber is situated 1.4 meters higher than the corridor’s floor, which may have been designed to facilitate the movement of the mummy and offerings.
• Condition: The tomb has suffered from repeated looting and natural degradation, but ongoing excavations continue to reveal its secrets.

The wall decorations and art found in the tomb of Thutmose II are truly remarkable and provide deep insights into ancient Egyptian beliefs and practices. Here’s what has been discovered so far:

Wall Decorations and Art

• Hieroglyphs and Imagery:
  • The north wall of the main burial chamber features fragments of plaster that bear hieroglyphs and imagery from the Amduat, a funerary text that describes the journey of the deceased through the afterlife. This text was crucial for guiding the pharaoh in the afterlife.
• Ceiling Decorations:
  • The ceiling of the main burial chamber showcases yellow stars against a dark background, symbolizing the night sky and the afterlife. This celestial theme reflects the ancient Egyptians’ beliefs about the cosmos and the afterlife.
• Alabaster Vessels:
  • Surviving decorative elements include alabaster vessels inscribed with hieroglyphs that reference Thutmose II. These vessels not only served practical purposes but also had significant ritualistic importance.
• Damaged but Significant Artifacts:
  • While many of the wall decorations have suffered damage over time, the remaining artwork still provides valuable insights into the artistic styles and religious beliefs of the period.

These artistic elements not only enhance our understanding of Thutmose II’s reign but also illustrate the rich cultural and spiritual life of ancient Egypt.

The Amduat

The Amduat, or “Book of the Hidden Chamber,” is an ancient Egyptian text that describes the journey of the sun god Re through the underworld, known as the Duat. This journey is divided into 12 hours, each representing different stages and encounters. Here’s a summary of the main stages and their uses:

Main Stages of the Amduat

• Hour 1: The Setting Sun
  • Re begins his journey at dusk, entering the underworld.
  • The hour emphasizes the transition from day to night.
• Hour 2: The Serpent
  • Re encounters a serpent, symbolizing chaos and danger.
  • This hour highlights the challenges faced in the underworld.
• Hour 3: The Guardians
  • Various deities and guardians are introduced.
  • They assist Re in navigating the underworld.
• Hour 4: The Judgment
  • The souls of the deceased are judged.
  • This hour emphasizes the importance of moral conduct in life.
• Hour 5: The Underworld Creatures
  • Encounters with demons and monsters.
  • Represents the trials that souls must face.
• Hour 6: The Renewal
  • Re undergoes a transformation, symbolizing rebirth.
  • This hour signifies the cycle of life and death.
• Hour 7: The Sun Boat
  • Re travels in his solar boat, representing the journey of the sun.
  • This hour illustrates the connection between the sun and the afterlife.
• Hour 8: The Divine Council
  • Re meets with other gods for guidance.
  • Highlights the collaborative nature of the divine.
• Hour 9: The Rebirth of the Sun
  • The sun begins to rise again, symbolizing hope and renewal.
  • This hour marks the transition back to the world of the living.
• Hour 10: The Final Trials
  • Final challenges are faced before emerging into the light.
  • Represents the culmination of the journey.
• Hour 11: The Return
  • Re prepares to return to the earthly realm.
  • This hour signifies the completion of the journey.
• Hour 12: The Dawn
  • The sun rises, completing the cycle.
  • Represents the triumph of light over darkness.

Use of the Amduat

• Guidance for the Dead: The Amduat serves as a guide for the deceased, providing names of gods, demons, and monsters they may encounter.
• Spiritual Protection: It offers protection and knowledge to navigate the challenges of the afterlife.
• Symbol of Renewal: The text emphasizes the themes of rebirth and the natural cycle of life, reinforcing the belief in an afterlife.

Significance of Tomb C4

• Initially thought to belong to a royal consort, the revelation that it is the burial site of Thutmose II adds a new layer of understanding to the burial practices and royal lineage of ancient Egypt. This could provide insights into the artifacts and treasures that might be found within.
• This discovery not only enhances our understanding of ancient Egyptian history but also highlights the ongoing efforts of archaeologists to uncover the mysteries of the past.

Location of the Tomb

The tomb was discovered in the Western Wadis near Luxor, an area rich in archaeological significance. This region is close to the famous Valley of the Kings, where many royal tombs have been found.

The Karnak Temple Complex, is particularly associated with Thutmose II, and a treasure trove of ancient Egyptian art and architecture.

Key Features of the Karnak Temple Complex Related to Thutmose II

• Pylon of Thutmose III:
  • Although primarily associated with Thutmose III, the pylon is a significant structure that reflects the grandeur of the temple complex. It features intricate carvings and inscriptions that celebrate the achievements of the pharaohs.
• Reliefs and Hieroglyphs:
  • The walls of the temple are adorned with detailed reliefs depicting various scenes, including military victories, religious rituals, and offerings to the gods. These artworks provide insights into the religious and cultural practices of the time.
• Statues and Colossi:
  • Statues of Thutmose II and other deities can be found throughout the complex. These statues often depict the pharaoh in a traditional pose, emphasizing his divine right to rule.
• Festival Hall:
  • The Festival Hall of Thutmose III is another highlight, showcasing beautiful columns and carvings that celebrate the Opet Festival, which honoured the god Amun.
• Sacred Lake:
  • The complex also features a sacred lake, used for purification rituals. This area is often depicted in art as a serene space for worship and reflection.

Artistic Significance of Karnak

The imagery at Karnak not only serves a decorative purpose but also plays a crucial role in conveying the political power and divine connection of the pharaohs. The art reflects the religious beliefs of ancient Egyptians, emphasizing the importance of the afterlife and the gods in their daily lives.

The 18th Dynasty

The 18th Dynasty of ancient Egypt is a fascinating period to look into:

The 18th Dynasty spanned from approximately 1550/1549 to 1292 B.C.E. This dynasty is often considered the beginning of the New Kingdom, a time when ancient Egypt reached its peak in terms of power, wealth, and cultural achievements. Here are some key points about this dynasty:

• Founding: The dynasty was established by Ahmose I, who expelled the Hyksos and reunified Egypt.
• Prominent Pharaohs: It included notable rulers such as:
  • Hatshepsut: One of the few female pharaohs, known for her prosperous reign and impressive building projects.
  • Thutmose III: Often called the “Napoleon of Egypt,” he expanded Egypt’s empire to its greatest extent.
  • Akhenaten: Known for his religious reforms and the introduction of monotheism centred around the sun god Aten.
  • Tutankhamun: Famous for his nearly intact tomb, which was discovered in the 20th century.
• Cultural Flourishing: This period saw significant advancements in art, architecture, and literature, with monumental temples and tombs being constructed.

The Chronology of the Egyptian periods

The chronology of the Egyptian dynasties is a fascinating journey through time, showcasing the rich history of ancient Egypt. Here’s a brief overview of the major periods and dynasties:

Predynastic Period (ca. 4300-3000 B.C.E.)

This era marks the development of early Egyptian culture and the formation of small kingdoms.

Early Dynastic Period (ca. 3000-2675 B.C.E.)

The unification of Upper and Lower Egypt is believed to have occurred during this time, leading to the establishment of the first pharaonic dynasties.

Old Kingdom (ca. 2675-2130 B.C.E.)

Known as the “Age of the Pyramids,” this period saw the construction of the famous pyramids, including the Great Pyramid of Giza.

First Intermediate Period (ca. 2130-1970 B.C.E.)

A time of political instability and fragmentation, leading to the rise of local rulers.

Middle Kingdom (ca. 1970-1640 B.C.E.)

This era is characterized by a resurgence in art, literature, and centralized power, with significant achievements in architecture.

Second Intermediate Period (ca. 1640-1550 B.C.E.)

Marked by the invasion of the Hyksos, this period saw foreign rulers in control of parts of Egypt.

New Kingdom (ca. 1550-1070 B.C.E.)

Often considered the height of Egyptian civilization, this period includes famous pharaohs like Hatshepsut, Akhenaten, and Tutankhamun. It was a time of military expansion and monumental building projects.

Third Intermediate Period (ca. 1070-664 B.C.E.)

A time of decline and division, with multiple rulers and foreign invasions.

Late Period (ca. 664-332 B.C.E.)

This period saw a revival of art and culture, but also increasing foreign influence, leading up to the conquest by Alexander the Great.

Ptolemaic Period (332-30 B.C.E.)

Following Alexander’s conquest, the Ptolemaic dynasty ruled Egypt, blending Greek and Egyptian cultures until the Roman conquest.

Roman Period (30 B.C.E. onwards)

Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire, marking the end of the pharaonic era.

This timeline encapsulates the major dynasties and periods that shaped ancient Egypt’s history. Each era contributed uniquely to the cultural and historical tapestry of this remarkable civilization.

The Pharaonic Dynasties

Ancient Egypt is traditionally divided into 33 pharaonic dynasties. These dynasties are categorized into three main periods:

1. Old Kingdom: This includes the early dynasties, known for the construction of the pyramids.
2. Middle Kingdom: A time of reunification and cultural flourishing after a period of instability.
3. New Kingdom: Often considered the peak of ancient Egyptian civilization, marked by military expansion and monumental architecture.

Here’s a brief overview:

• Dynasty 0: Pre-dynastic period
• Dynasties 1-2: Early Dynastic Period
• Dynasties 3-6: Old Kingdom
• Dynasties 7-10: First Intermediate Period
• Dynasties 11-12: Middle Kingdom
• Dynasties 13-17: Second Intermediate Period
• Dynasties 18-20: New Kingdom
• Dynasties 21-31: Third Intermediate Period and Late Period
• Ptolemaic Dynasty: Following the conquest by Alexander the Great

Delving deeper into some of the key dynasties:

Old Kingdom (ca. 2675-2130 B.C.E.)

• The Age of the Pyramids: This era is most famous for its monumental architecture, particularly the construction of the pyramids at Giza.
• Powerful Pharaohs: Pharaohs like Djoser, Sneferu, and Khufu ruled during this period, overseeing the construction of massive pyramids and temples.
• Centralized Government: The Old Kingdom saw a strong centralized government with a powerful pharaoh at its head.
• Advancements in Art and Technology: This period witnessed significant advancements in art, sculpture, and engineering, as seen in the sophisticated construction of the pyramids.

Middle Kingdom (ca. 1970-1640 B.C.E.)

• Resurgence of Power: After the First Intermediate Period, the Middle Kingdom marked a revival of centralized power and stability.
• Expansion and Trade: Pharaohs like Mentuhotep II and Amenemhat I expanded the kingdom’s borders and promoted trade.
• Literary Flourishing: This era saw a flourishing of literature, with the development of the “Wisdom Literature” genre.
• Monumental Architecture: The Middle Kingdom saw the construction of impressive temples and other architectural marvels.

New Kingdom (ca. 1550-1070 B.C.E.)

• The Golden Age: Often considered the peak of Egyptian civilization, the New Kingdom was a period of military expansion, economic prosperity, and cultural brilliance.
• Powerful Pharaohs: Pharaohs like Thutmose III, Hatshepsut, and Akhenaten ruled during this period, leading to the expansion of the Egyptian Empire.
• Military Victories: The New Kingdom saw significant military victories, particularly against the Nubians and the Hittites.
• Religious Reforms: Pharaoh Akhenaten introduced a monotheistic religion, worshipping only the sun god Aten, which had a profound impact on Egyptian society.